1. Signs and Symptoms

1.1. Ascites

1.2. Ataxia

1.3. Consciousness Disturbances

1.3.1. Impaired Consciousness: General Considerations

1.3.2. Loss of Consciousness

1.3.2.1. Coma

1.3.2.2. Syncope and Other Causes of Transient Loss of Consciousness

1.4. Constipation

1.5. Cough

1.6. Cyanosis

1.7. Diarrhea

1.8. Dyspepsia

1.9. Dysphagia

1.9.1. Dysphagia: General Considerations

1.9.2. Management of Dysphagia: A Speech-Language Pathologist Perspective

1.10. Dyspnea: General Considerations

1.11. Edema

1.12. Fever of Unknown Origin (FUO)

1.13. Fingers, Deformed

1.13.1. Clubbing

1.13.2. Fingers in Rheumatic Diseases

1.14. Gynecomastia

1.15. Heart Auscultation

1.15.1. Heart Murmurs

1.15.1.1. Continuous (Machinery) Murmurs

1.15.1.2. Diastolic Murmurs

1.15.1.3. Systolic Murmurs

1.15.2. Heart Sounds

1.15.3. Pericardial Friction Rub

1.16. Hematuria

1.17. Hemoptysis

1.18. Hepatomegaly

1.19. Hiccups (Singultus)

1.20. Hirsutism

1.21. Hoarseness (Dysphonia)

1.22. Jaundice

1.23. Jugular Venous Distention

1.24. Lymphadenopathy

1.25. Meningeal Irritation Signs

1.26. Micturition (Voiding) Abnormalities

1.27. Muscular Weakness (Paresis and Paralysis)

1.28. Nausea and Vomiting

1.29. Pain

1.29.1. Abdominal Pain: General Considerations

1.29.2. Chest Pain

1.29.3. Headache

1.29.4. Otalgia

1.29.5. Pain Management: Basic Principles

1.30. Palpitations

1.31. Pruritus

1.32. Pulse, Abnormal

1.33. Respirations

1.34. Respiratory Sounds

1.35. Sensory Disturbances

1.36. Splenomegaly

1.37. Subcutaneous Emphysema

1.38. Thirst

1.39. Vertigo

2. Allergy and Immunology

2.1. Allergic Rhinitis

2.2. Anaphylaxis and Anaphylactic Shock

2.3. Angioedema

2.4. Food Hypersensitivity

2.5. Immunodeficiency Disorders

2.6. Serum Sickness

2.7. Urticaria

3. Cardiovascular Diseases

3.1. Anticoagulant Treatment

3.1.1. Anticoagulant Agents

3.1.1.1. Direct Thrombin Inhibitors

3.1.1.2. Factor Xa Inhibitors

3.1.1.3. Heparins

3.1.1.4. Vitamin K Antagonists (VKAs)

3.1.2. Anticoagulant Treatment and Regional Anesthesia

3.1.3. Perioperative Direct Oral Anticoagulant (DOAC) Management

3.2. Automaticity and Conduction Disorders

3.2.1. Atrioventricular Blocks

3.2.2. Intraventricular Blocks

3.2.3. Sinus Node Dysfunction

3.3. Cardiac Arrest

3.4. Cardiac Arrhythmias

3.4.1. Sudden Cardiac Death

3.4.2. Supraventricular Arrhythmias

3.4.2.1. Supraventricular Premature Beats

3.4.2.2. Supraventricular Tachycardias

3.4.2.2.1. Atrial Fibrillation (AF)

3.4.2.2.2. Atrial Flutter (AFL)

3.4.2.2.3. Atrial Tachycardia (AT)

3.4.2.2.4. Atrioventricular Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia (AVNRT)

3.4.2.2.5. Manifest and Concealed Accessory Pathways

3.4.2.2.6. Sinus Tachyarrhythmias

3.4.3. Ventricular Arrhythmias

3.4.3.1. Brugada Syndrome

3.4.3.2. Catecholaminergic Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia (CPVT)

3.4.3.3. Congenital Long-QT Syndrome (LQTS)

3.4.3.4. Idiopathic Ventricular Fibrillation (IVF)

3.4.3.5. Idiopathic Ventricular Tachycardia

3.4.3.6. Ventricular Arrhythmia Following Myocardial Infarction

3.4.3.7. Ventricular Tachycardia in Patients With Nonischemic Cardiomyopathy

3.5. Cardiac Tamponade

3.6. Cardiomyopathies

3.6.1. Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy (ARVC)

3.6.2. Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM)

3.6.3. Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM)

3.6.4. Restrictive Cardiomyopathy (RCM)

3.6.5. Unclassified Cardiomyopathies

3.7. Congenital Heart Disease in Adults

3.7.1. Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)

3.7.2. Coarctation of the Aorta

3.7.3. Ebstein Anomaly

3.7.4. Eisenmenger Syndrome

3.7.5. Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)

3.7.6. Patent Foramen Ovale (PFO)

3.7.7. Tetralogy of Fallot

3.7.8. Transposition of Great Arteries (TGA)

3.7.9. Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction

3.7.9.1. Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction

3.7.9.2. Right Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction

3.7.10. Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)

3.8. Heart Failure (HF)

3.8.1. Acute Heart Failure (AHF)

3.8.2. Chronic Heart Failure

3.9. Hypertension

3.9.1. Essential Hypertension

3.9.2. Renal Parenchymal Hypertension

3.9.3. Renovascular Hypertension

3.10. Infective Endocarditis (IE)

3.11. Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD)

3.11.1. Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)

3.11.1.1. Non–ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI) and Unstable Angina (UA)

3.11.1.2. ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI)

3.11.2. Stable Coronary Artery Disease (Chronic Coronary Syndromes)

3.11.2.1. Microvascular Angina

3.11.2.2. Stable Angina Pectoris

3.11.2.3. Vasospastic Angina (Prinzmetal Variant Angina)

3.12. Lipid Disorders

3.12.1. Atherogenic Dyslipidemia

3.12.2. Hypercholesterolemia

3.12.3. Severe Hypertriglyceridemia

3.13. Lymphatic Vessel Diseases

3.13.1. Lymphangitis

3.13.2. Lymphedema

3.14. Myocarditis

3.15. Pericarditis

3.16. Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases

3.17. Shock

3.17.1. Cardiogenic Shock

3.17.2. Hypovolemic Shock

3.17.2.1. Hemorrhagic Shock

3.17.3. Obstructive Shock

3.18. Valvular Heart Disease

3.18.1. Aortic Valve Disease

3.18.1.1. Aortic Regurgitation

3.18.1.2. Aortic Stenosis

3.18.1.3. Mixed Aortic Stenosis and Regurgitation

3.18.2. Mitral Valve Disease

3.18.2.1. Mitral Regurgitation

3.18.2.2. Mitral Stenosis

3.18.2.3. Mitral Valve Prolapse

3.18.2.4. Mixed Mitral Valve Disease

3.18.3. Multivalvular Disease

3.18.4. Tricuspid Valve Disease

3.18.4.1. Tricuspid Regurgitation

3.18.4.2. Tricuspid Stenosis

3.19. Vascular Diseases, Peripheral

3.19.1. Aortic Diseases

3.19.1.1. Aortic Aneurysms

3.19.1.1.1. Aortic Pseudoaneurysm

3.19.1.1.2. Contained Rupture of Aortic Aneurysm

3.19.1.2. Acute Aortic Syndrome

3.19.1.2.1. Aortic Dissection

3.19.1.2.2. Intramural Hematoma

3.19.1.2.3. Penetrating Aortic Ulcer

3.19.2. Carotid and Vertebral Artery Stenosis

3.19.3. Lower Limb Ischemia

3.19.3.1. Acute Lower Limb Ischemia

3.19.3.2. Lower Extremity Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD)

3.19.4. Microcirculation Disorders

3.19.4.1. Erythromelalgia

3.19.4.2. Livedo Reticularis

3.19.4.3. Raynaud Phenomenon

3.19.5. Thromboangiitis Obliterans

3.19.6. Venous Diseases

3.19.6.1. Chronic Venous Insufficiency

3.19.6.2. Superficial Thrombophlebitis

3.19.6.3. Superior Vena Cava Syndrome

3.20. Venous Thromboembolism (VTE)

3.20.1. Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)

3.20.2. Pulmonary Embolism (PE)

3.20.3. Venous Thromboembolism: Primary Prevention

4. Dermatology

4.1. Bullous Pemphigoid

4.2. Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms (DRESS)

4.3. Fixed Drug Eruption

4.4. Pemphigus Vulgaris

4.5. Psoriasis

4.6. Pyoderma Gangrenosum

4.7. Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS) and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN)

5. Electrolyte, Fluid, and Acid-Base Balance Disorders

5.1. Acid-Base Disorders

5.1.1. Metabolic Acidosis

5.1.2. Metabolic Alkalosis

5.1.3. Respiratory Acidosis

5.1.4. Respiratory Alkalosis

5.2. Electrolyte Disturbances

5.2.1. Calcium Disturbances

5.2.1.1. Hypercalcemia

5.2.1.2. Hypocalcemia

5.2.2. Magnesium Disturbances

5.2.2.1. Hypermagnesemia

5.2.2.2. Hypomagnesemia

5.2.3. Phosphate Disturbances

5.2.3.1. Hyperphosphatemia

5.2.3.2. Hypophosphatemia

5.2.4. Potassium Disturbances

5.2.4.1. Hyperkalemia

5.2.4.2. Hypokalemia

5.2.5. Sodium Disturbances

5.2.5.1. Hypernatremia

5.2.5.2. Hyponatremia

5.3. Fluid Disturbances

5.3.1. Dehydration

5.3.1.1. Isotonic Dehydration

5.3.1.2. Hypertonic Dehydration

5.3.1.3. Hypotonic Dehydration

5.3.2. Water Overload

5.3.2.1. Hypertonic Water Overload

5.3.2.2. Hypotonic Water Overload (Water Intoxication)

5.3.2.3. Isotonic Water Overload

6. Endocrinology

6.1. Adrenal Gland Diseases

6.1.1. Adrenal Cancer

6.1.2. Adrenal Incidentalomas

6.1.3. Adrenal Insufficiency

6.1.3.1. Acute Adrenal Insufficiency (Adrenal Crisis)

6.1.3.2. Central Adrenal Insufficiency

6.1.3.3. Primary Adrenal Insufficiency (Addison Disease)

6.1.4. Cushing Syndrome

6.1.5. Hypoaldosteronism

6.1.6. Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma

6.1.7. Primary Aldosteronism

6.2. Glucose Metabolism Disorders

6.2.1. Diabetes Mellitus (DM)

6.2.2. Complications of Diabetes Mellitus, Acute

6.2.2.1. Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)

6.2.2.2. Drug-Induced Hypoglycemia

6.2.2.3. Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar State (HHS)

6.2.2.4. Lactic Acidosis

6.2.3. Complications of Diabetes Mellitus, Chronic

6.2.3.1. Diabetic Foot Syndrome

6.2.3.2. Diabetic Kidney Disease

6.2.3.3. Diabetic Neuropathy

6.2.3.4. Diabetic Retinopathy

6.2.4. Diabetes Mellitus in Pregnant Patients

6.2.4.1. Diabetes Mellitus in Pregnancy

6.2.4.2. Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM)

6.2.5. Nondiabetic Hypoglycemia

6.3. Hypothalamus and Pituitary Diseases

6.3.1. Acromegaly

6.3.2. Cushing Disease

6.3.3. Diabetes Insipidus (DI)

6.3.4. Hyperprolactinemia

6.3.5. Hypopituitarism

6.3.6. Pituitary Incidentalomas

6.3.7. Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion (SIADH)

6.4. Metabolic Syndrome

6.5. Obesity

6.5.1. Obesity: General Considerations

6.5.2. Obesity: Lifestyle and Medical Treatment

6.5.3. Obesity: Surgical and Nonsurgical Weight Loss Procedures

6.5.3.1. Obesity: Postsurgical Complications

6.6. Parathyroid Gland Diseases

6.6.1. Hyperparathyroidism

6.6.1.1. Primary Hyperparathyroidism

6.6.1.2. Secondary Hyperparathyroidism

6.6.1.3. Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism

6.6.2. Hypoparathyroidism

6.7. Thyroid Gland Diseases

6.7.1. Hypothyroidism

6.7.2. Goiter, Nontoxic Multinodular

6.7.3. Thyroid Cancer

6.7.4. Thyroiditis

6.7.4.1. Acute Thyroiditis

6.7.4.2. Chronic Autoimmune Thyroiditis (Hashimoto Thyroiditis)

6.7.4.3. Chronic Thyroiditis, Other Types

6.7.4.4. Subacute Painful Thyroiditis (de Quervain Thyroiditis)

6.7.5. Thyrotoxicosis and Hyperthyroidism

6.7.5.1. Graves Disease

6.7.5.2. Toxic Multinodular Goiter (TMG)

6.7.5.3. Toxic Thyroid Nodule

7. Gastroenterology

7.1. Bile Duct and Gallbladder Diseases

7.1.1. Acute Cholangitis

7.1.2. Acute Cholecystitis

7.1.3. Ampullary Carcinoma

7.1.4. Cholangiocarcinoma

7.1.5. Gallbladder Cancer

7.1.6. Gallstones

7.1.6.1. Choledocholithiasis

7.1.6.2. Cholelithiasis

7.1.7. Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis

7.1.8. Sphincter of Oddi Dysfunction

7.2. Gastrointestinal Diseases

7.2.1. Esophageal Diseases

7.2.1.1. Eosinophilic Esophagitis (EoE)

7.2.1.2. Esophageal Cancer

7.2.1.3. Esophageal Diverticula

7.2.1.4. Esophageal Motility Disorders

7.2.1.4.1. Achalasia

7.2.1.4.2. Esophageal Peristalsis Major Disorders: Distal Esophageal Spasm, Hypercontractile (Jackhammer) Esophagus

7.2.1.5. Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

7.2.2. Gastric Diseases

7.2.2.1. Gastric Cancer

7.2.2.2. Gastric Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT) Lymphoma

7.2.2.3. Gastritis and Gastropathy

7.2.2.3.1. Acute Hemorrhagic/Erosive and Stress-Related Gastropathy

7.2.2.3.2. Autoimmune Gastritis

7.2.2.3.3. Bile Reflux Gastropathy

7.2.2.3.4. Gastritis Due to Helicobacter pylori Infection

7.2.2.4. Gastroparesis

7.2.2.5. Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)

7.2.2.6. Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome (ZES)

7.2.3. Intestinal Diseases

7.2.3.1. Anorectal Diseases

7.2.3.1.1. Anal Cancer

7.2.3.1.2. Anal Fissures

7.2.3.1.3. Anorectal Abscess and Fistula in Ano

7.2.3.1.4. Hemorrhoids

7.2.3.2. Celiac Disease

7.2.3.3. Colonic Diverticula

7.2.3.4. Colorectal Cancer

7.2.3.5. Colorectal Cancer Screening

7.2.3.6. Gastrointestinal Bleeding

7.2.3.7. Gastrointestinal Foreign Bodies

7.2.3.8. Gastrointestinal Infections

7.2.3.8.1. Acute Appendicitis

7.2.3.8.2. Acute Infectious Diarrhea: General Considerations

7.2.3.8.3. Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea

7.2.3.8.4. Bacterial Food Poisoning

7.2.3.8.5. Clostridioides difficile Infection (CDI)

7.2.3.8.6. Gastrointestinal Infections in Immunocompromised Patients

7.2.3.8.7. Nosocomial Diarrhea

7.2.3.8.8. Traveler’s Diarrhea

7.2.3.9. Gastrointestinal Obstruction

7.2.3.9.1. Adynamic Ileus

7.2.3.9.2. Mechanical Intestinal Obstruction

7.2.3.10. Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)

7.2.3.10.1. Crohn Disease

7.2.3.10.2. Ulcerative Colitis (UC)

7.2.3.11. Intestinal Ischemia

7.2.3.11.1. Acute Mesenteric (Small Bowel) Ischemia

7.2.3.11.2. Chronic Mesenteric (Small Bowel) Ischemia

7.2.3.11.3. Colonic Ischemia

7.2.3.12. Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)

7.2.3.13. Microscopic Colitis

7.2.3.14. Protein-Losing Enteropathy

7.2.3.15. Short Bowel Syndrome

7.2.3.16. Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth (SIBO)

7.3. Liver Diseases

7.3.1. Acute Liver Failure (ALF)

7.3.2. Alcoholic Liver Disease

7.3.3. Autoimmune Hepatitis (AIH)

7.3.4. Cirrhosis

7.3.5. Drug-Induced Liver Injury (DILI)

7.3.6. Hepatic Cysts

7.3.6.1. Hepatic Cysts: General Considerations

7.3.6.2. Intrahepatic Biliary Cysts

7.3.6.3. Parasitic Hepatic Cysts

7.3.6.4. Polycystic Liver Disease

7.3.6.5. Posttraumatic Hepatic Cysts

7.3.6.6. Simple Hepatic Cysts

7.3.7. Hepatic Tumors

7.3.7.1. Focal Nodular Hyperplasia

7.3.7.2. Hemangioma

7.3.7.3. Hepatocellular Adenoma

7.3.7.4. Hepatocellular Carcinoma

7.3.7.5. Metastatic Cancers

7.3.8. Hepatic Vascular Diseases

7.3.8.1. Budd-Chiari Syndrome (Including Hepatic Vein Thrombosis)

7.3.8.2. Idiopathic Noncirrhotic Portal Hypertension

7.3.8.3. Portal Vein Thrombosis (PVT)

7.3.9. Iron Overload

7.3.9.1. Hereditary Hemochromatosis

7.3.9.2. Secondary Iron Overload

7.3.10. Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)

7.3.11. Primary Biliary Cholangitis (PBC)

7.3.12. Viral Hepatitis

7.3.12.1. Acute Hepatitis A

7.3.12.2. Acute Hepatitis B

7.3.12.3. Acute Hepatitis C

7.3.12.4. Acute Hepatitis D

7.3.12.5. Acute Hepatitis E

7.3.12.6. Chronic Hepatitis B

7.3.12.7. Chronic Hepatitis C

7.3.13. Wilson Disease

7.4. Pancreatic Diseases

7.4.1. Acute Pancreatitis

7.4.2. Autoimmune Pancreatitis

7.4.3. Chronic Pancreatitis

7.4.3.1. Pancreatic Cancer

7.4.3.2. Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma

7.4.4. Pancreatic Cysts and Pseudocysts

8. Geriatrics

8.1. Frailty

8.2. Polypharmacy and Deprescribing

9. Hematology

9.1. Anemia and Other Nonmalignant Blood Disorders

9.1.1. Anemia: General Considerations

9.1.2. Anemia of Chronic Disease

9.1.3. Aplastic Anemias

9.1.3.1. Aplastic Anemia

9.1.3.2. Pure Red Cell Aplasia

9.1.4. Hemolytic Anemias

9.1.4.1. Hemolytic Anemia: General Considerations

9.1.4.2. Sickle Cell Disease (SCD)

9.1.4.3. Thalassemia

9.1.5. Iron Deficiency Anemia

9.1.6. Megaloblastic Anemias

9.1.6.1. Cobalamin Deficiency

9.1.6.2. Folate Deficiency

9.1.7. Sideroblastic Anemia

9.2. Bleeding Disorders

9.2.1. Acquired Coagulation Disorders

9.2.1.1. Acquired Hemophilia A

9.2.1.2. Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)

9.2.2. Acquired Thrombocytopenic Bleeding Disorders

9.2.2.1. Platelet Disorders: General Considerations

9.2.2.2. Immune Thrombocytopenia (ITP)

9.2.2.3. Thrombocytopenia Caused by Decreased Platelet Production

9.2.3. Inherited Coagulation Disorders Associated with Bleeding

9.2.3.1. Hemophilia A and Hemophilia B

9.2.3.2. Von Willebrand Disease (vWD)

9.2.4. Thrombophilia (Hypercoagulable States)

9.2.5. Vascular Purpuras

9.3. Lymphoid Neoplasms

9.3.1. Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL)

9.3.2. Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)

9.3.3. Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis (HLH)

9.3.4. Hodgkin Lymphoma (HL)

9.3.5. Monoclonal Immunoglobulin Deposition Disease

9.3.6. Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL)

9.3.7. Plasma Cell Myeloma (PCM)

9.4. Myeloid Neoplasms

9.4.1. Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)

9.4.2. Chronic Eosinophilic Leukemia (CEL) (and Other Causes of Hypereosinophilia)

9.4.3. Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML)

9.4.4. Chronic Myelomonocytic Leukemia (CMML)

9.4.5. Essential Thrombocythemia (ET)

9.4.6. Mastocytosis

9.4.7. Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDSs)

9.4.8. Polycythemia Vera (PV)

9.4.9. Primary Myelofibrosis (PMF)

9.5. Porphyria, Acute Intermittent

9.6. Thrombotic Microangiopathies

9.6.1. Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome (HUS)

9.6.2. Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP)

9.7. Transfusion of Blood and Blood Products

9.7.1. Granulocyte Concentrate

9.7.2. Irradiation of Blood Products

9.7.3. Packed Red Blood Cell (PRBC) Products

9.7.3.1. Leukocyte-Reduced Packed Red Blood Cell (PRBC) Products

9.7.3.2. Packed Red Blood Cell (PRBC) Products

9.7.3.3. Washed Packed Red Blood Cells (PRBC)

9.7.4. Plasma and Its Derivatives

9.7.4.1. Cryoprecipitate

9.7.4.2. Frozen Plasma (FP) and Solvent/Detergent (S/D) Plasma

9.7.4.3. Human Albumin

9.7.4.4. Nonspecific Immunoglobulins

9.7.4.5. Prothrombin Complex Concentrates (PCCs)

9.7.4.5.1. Activated Prothrombin Complex Concentrates (aPCCs)

9.7.4.6. Rh0(D) Immunoglobulin (RhIG)

9.7.5. Platelet Concentrates

9.7.5.1. Leukocyte-Reduced Platelet Concentrate

9.7.5.2. Reconstituted Platelet Concentrate

9.7.5.3. Refractoriness to Platelet Transfusions

9.7.5.4. Washed Platelet Concentrate

9.7.6. Transfusion Reactions and Procedure

9.7.7. Whole Blood

10. Infectious Diseases

10.1. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

10.2. Antimicrobial Agents

10.2.1. Antibacterial Agents

10.2.2. Antifungal Agents

10.2.3. Antiparasitic Agents

10.2.3.1. Agents with Activity Against Ectoparasites

10.2.3.2. Anthelmintic Agents

10.2.3.3. Antiprotozoal Agents

10.2.4. Antiviral Agents

10.3. Bacterial Diseases

10.3.1. Brucellosis

10.3.2. Cholera

10.3.3. Clostridium spp Infections

10.3.3.1. Botulism

10.3.3.2. Clostridial Myonecrosis (Gas Gangrene)

10.3.3.3. Tetanus

10.3.4. Enteric (Typhoid) Fever

10.3.5. Leprosy

10.3.6. Melioidosis

10.3.7. Nocardiosis

10.3.8. Scrub Typhus

10.3.9. Sexually Transmitted Bacterial Diseases

10.3.9.1. Gonorrhea

10.3.9.2. Lymphogranuloma Venereum (LGV)

10.3.9.3. Sexually Transmitted Chlamydial Infections Other Than Lymphogranuloma Venereum (LGV)

10.3.9.4. Syphilis

10.3.10. Skin and Soft Tissue Infections

10.3.10.1. Nonpurulent Skin and Soft Tissue Infections: Erysipelas and Cellulitis

10.3.10.2. Purulent Skin and Soft Tissue Infections: Furuncles, Carbuncles, and Cutaneous Abscesses

10.3.11. Spirochetal Infections

10.3.11.1. Leptospirosis

10.3.11.2. Lyme Borreliosis

10.3.12. Streptococcal Infections

10.3.12.1. Rheumatic Fever

10.3.12.2. Scarlet Fever

10.4. Central Nervous System (CNS) Infections

10.4.1. Encephalitis

10.4.2. Focal Infections of the Central Nervous System

10.4.2.1. Brain Abscess

10.4.2.2. Neurocysticercosis

10.4.2.3. Subdural Empyema

10.4.3. Meningitis

10.4.4. Myelitis

10.5. Febrile Neutropenia

10.6. Immunization, Vaccination, and Infection Prevention

10.6.1. Immunization and Selected Vaccinations in Adults

10.6.1.1. Immunization Prior to Travel to Endemic Areas

10.6.1.2. Vaccines: Bacterial Diseases

10.6.1.2.1. Vaccines: Cholera

10.6.1.2.2. Vaccines: Diphtheria and Tetanus

10.6.1.2.3. Vaccines: Enteric (Typhoid) Fever

10.6.1.2.4. Vaccines: Neisseria meningitidis (Meningococcal) Infections

10.6.1.2.5. Vaccines: Pertussis

10.6.1.2.6. Vaccines: Pneumococcal Infections

10.6.1.3. Vaccines: Viral Diseases

10.6.1.3.1. Vaccines: COVID-19

10.6.1.3.2. Vaccines: Hepatitis A

10.6.1.3.3. Vaccines: Hepatitis B

10.6.1.3.4. Vaccines: Human Papillomavirus

10.6.1.3.5. Vaccines: Japanese Encephalitis

10.6.1.3.6. Vaccines: Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR)

10.6.1.3.7. Vaccines: Poliomyelitis

10.6.1.3.8. Vaccines: Rabies

10.6.1.3.9. Vaccines: Seasonal Influenza

10.6.1.3.10. Vaccines: Tick-Borne Encephalitis

10.6.1.3.11. Vaccines: Varicella Zoster (Chickenpox and Shingles)

10.6.1.3.12. Vaccines: Yellow Fever

10.6.2. Infection Prevention Among Medical Staff

10.6.2.1. Nonspecific Methods of Infection Prevention Among Medical Staff

10.6.2.2. Occupational Exposures to Blood-Borne Viral Infections

10.6.3. Nonspecific Insect and Tick Bite Precautions

10.7. Intravascular Catheter–Related Infections

10.8. Mycoses

10.8.1. Superficial Mycoses

10.8.1.1. Dermatophytoses

10.8.1.2. Tinea Versicolor

10.8.1.3. Sporotrichosis

10.8.1.4. Superficial Candidiasis

10.8.2. Systemic Mycoses

10.8.2.1. Candidiasis

10.8.2.2. Cryptococcosis

10.8.2.3. Histoplasmosis

10.8.2.4. Mucormycosis

10.9. Parasitic Diseases

10.9.1. Ectoparasitic Infestations

10.9.1.1. Pediculosis

10.9.1.2. Scabies

10.9.2. Helminthiases

10.9.2.1. Alveolar Echinococcosis

10.9.2.2. Anisakiasis

10.9.2.3. Ascariasis

10.9.2.4. Cystic Echinococcosis

10.9.2.5. Cysticercosis

10.9.2.6. Enterobiasis

10.9.2.7. Filarial Infections

10.9.2.8. Hookworm Infections

10.9.2.9. Tapeworm Infections

10.9.2.10. Toxocariasis

10.9.2.11. Trichinellosis

10.9.2.12. Trichuriasis

10.9.3. Protozoal Diseases

10.9.3.1. Amoebiasis

10.9.3.2. Balantidiasis

10.9.3.3. Blastocystosis

10.9.3.4. Giardiasis

10.9.3.5. Leishmaniasis

10.9.3.6. Malaria

10.9.3.7. Toxoplasmosis

10.9.3.8. Trichomoniasis

10.10. Sepsis and Septic Shock

10.11. Viral Diseases

10.11.1. Chikungunya Fever

10.11.2. Common Cold (Nonspecific Infections of the Upper Respiratory Tract)

10.11.3. Coronavirus Infections

10.11.3.1. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)

10.11.3.2. Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)

10.11.4. Coxsackie Virus Infections

10.11.5. Herpes Virus Infections

10.11.5.1. Cytomegalovirus Infections

10.11.5.2. Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) Infections

10.11.5.3. Herpes Zoster

10.11.5.4. Infectious Mononucleosis and Other Manifestations of Epstein-Barr Virus Infection

10.11.5.5. Varicella

10.11.6. Human Adenovirus Infections

10.11.7. Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection

10.11.8. Influenza

10.11.9. Japanese Encephalitis

10.11.10. Measles

10.11.11. Molluscum Contagiosum

10.11.12. Mumps

10.11.13. Parvovirus B19–Related Diseases

10.11.14. Rabies

10.11.15. Rubella

10.11.16. Tick-Borne Encephalitis (TBE)

10.11.17. Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers

10.11.17.1. Dengue

11. Nephrology

11.1. Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)

11.2. Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)

11.3. Glomerular Diseases

11.3.1. Congenital Glomerulopathies

11.3.1.1. Alport Syndrome

11.3.1.2. Fabry Disease

11.3.1.3. Thin Basement Membrane Disease

11.3.2. Nephrotic Syndrome

11.3.3. Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis (RPGN)

11.3.4. Specific Pathologies

11.3.4.1. Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis

11.3.4.2. IgA Nephropathy

11.3.4.3. Lupus Nephritis

11.3.4.4. Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis (MPGN)

11.3.4.5. Membranous Nephropathy

11.3.4.6. Minimal Change Disease (MCD)

11.3.4.7. Postinfectious Glomerulonephritis

11.3.4.8. Renal Amyloidosis

11.4. Kidney Transplant

11.5. Nephrolithiasis

11.6. Obstructive Nephropathy

11.7. Renal Cysts

11.7.1. Acquired Cystic Kidney Disease

11.7.2. Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD)

11.7.3. Autosomal Dominant Tubulointerstitial Kidney Disease (ADTKD)

11.7.4. Medullary Sponge Kidney

11.7.5. Simple Renal Cyst

11.8. Tubulointerstitial Nephritis

11.8.1. Acute Interstitial Nephritis (AIN)

11.8.2. Chronic Interstitial Nephritis (CIN)

11.9. Tubulopathies

11.9.1. Bartter and Gitelman Syndromes

11.9.2. Cystinosis

11.9.3. Cystinuria

11.9.4. Familial Hypophosphatemic Rickets

11.9.5. Fanconi Syndrome

11.9.6. Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus (NDI)

11.9.7. Renal Glycosuria

11.9.8. Renal Tubular Acidosis

11.9.8.1. Distal (Type 1) Renal Tubular Acidosis (dRTA)

11.9.8.2. Hyperkalemic (Type 4) Renal Tubular Acidosis (RTA)

11.9.8.3. Proximal (Type 2) Renal Tubular Acidosis (pRTA)

11.10. Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs)

11.10.1. Asymptomatic Bacteriuria

11.10.2. Candiduria

11.10.3. Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection

11.10.4. Complicated Urinary Tract Infection

11.10.5. Complications of Urinary Tract Infections

11.10.6. Cystitis

11.10.6.1. Nonbacterial Cystitis

11.10.6.2. Recurrent Cystitis in Women

11.10.6.3. Uncomplicated Cystitis

11.10.7. Genitourinary Tuberculosis

11.10.8. Uncomplicated Acute Pyelonephritis

11.10.9. Urethritis

11.10.10. Urinary Tract Infections in Patients with Spinal Cord Injury

11.10.11. Urinary Tract Infections in Pregnant Women

11.11. Urinary Tract Neoplasms

11.11.1. Cancer of the Renal Pelvis and Ureter

11.11.2. Renal Cell Carcinoma

11.11.3. Urethral Cancer

11.11.4. Urinary Bladder Cancer

12. Neurology

12.1. Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension

12.2. Parkinson Disease

12.3. Seizures, Epilepsy, Status Epilepticus

12.3.1. Acute Seizures

12.3.2. Seizures and Epilepsy

12.3.3. Status Epilepticus

12.4. Stroke

13. Oncology: Medical Complications of Treatment

13.1. Cutaneous Eruptions Caused by Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) Inhibitors

13.2. Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors and Associated Immune-Related Adverse Events

13.3. Nausea and Vomiting in the Oncology Patient

13.4. Tumor Lysis Syndrome (TLS)

14. Palliative Care

14.1. Dyspnea in Palliative and End-of-Life Care

14.2. Last Days and Hours

14.2.1. Diagnosis of Death

14.3. Palliative Sedation: The Canadian Perspective

15. Pregnancy-Related Conditions

15.1. Amniotic Fluid Embolism (AFE)

15.2. Peripartum Cardiomyopathy (PPCM)

15.3. Pregnancy-Related Hypertension

15.3.1. Eclampsia

15.3.2. Preeclampsia

15.4. Pregnancy-Related Liver Disease

16. Psychiatry

16.1. Psychiatric Examination

16.2. Adverse Effects of Psychotropic Medications: Extrapyramidal Symptoms, Catatonia, Serotonin Syndrome, and Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome

16.3. Anxiety and Related Disorders in Medical Settings

16.4. Approach to the Agitated Patient

16.5. Approach to the Difficult Patient

16.6. Bipolar Disorders

16.7. Cognitive Assessment in Medical Settings

16.8. Delirium

16.9. Dementia

16.9.1. Dementia: General Considerations

16.9.2. Dementia: Neuropsychiatric Symptoms

16.10. Depressive Disorders

16.11. Eating Disorders

16.12. Insomnia

16.13. Medical Care of the Seriously Mentally Ill

16.14. Medical Practice and the Law

16.15. Perinatal Depressive and Anxiety Disorders

16.15.1. Perinatal Use of Psychotropic Medications and Electroconvulsive Therapy

16.16. Physician Health and Wellness

16.17. Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders

16.18. Suicide Risk Assessment

17. Respirology

17.1. Asthma

17.2. Bronchiectasis

17.3. Bronchiolitis Obliterans

17.4. Bronchitis, Acute

17.5. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

17.6. Cystic Fibrosis

17.7. Diphtheria

17.8. Interstitial Lung Diseases

17.8.1. Diffuse Alveolar Hemorrhage (DAH)

17.8.2. Eosinophilic Lung Diseases

17.8.3. Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis (HP)

17.8.4. Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias

17.8.4.1. Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF)

17.8.4.2. Selected Other Types of Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonia

17.8.5. Rare Interstitial Lung Diseases

17.8.6. Sarcoidosis

17.9. Larynx Diseases

17.9.1. Epiglottitis

17.9.2. Laryngeal Cancer

17.9.3. Laryngitis

17.9.4. Voice Disorders: Functional and Organic Dysphonia

17.10. Mediastinal Diseases

17.10.1. Mediastinal Cysts and Tumors

17.10.2. Mediastinitis

17.10.3. Pneumomediastinum

17.11. Neoplasms of the Lung and Pleura

17.11.1. Lung Cancer

17.11.2. Pleural Mesothelioma

17.11.3. Pulmonary Metastases

17.12. Nicotine Addiction

17.13. Occupational Respiratory Diseases

17.13.1. Berylliosis

17.13.2. Pneumoconiosis

17.13.3. Work-Related Asthma

17.14. Pertussis

17.15. Pharyngitis (Tonsillitis)

17.16. Pleural Diseases

17.16.1. Pleural Effusion

17.16.1.1. Chylothorax

17.16.1.2. Exudative Pleural Effusion

17.16.1.2.1. Exudative Pleural Effusion Caused by Malignancy

17.16.1.2.2. Exudative Pleural Effusion in the Course of Bacterial Pneumonia

17.16.1.3. Hemothorax

17.16.1.4. Transudative Pleural Effusion

17.16.2. Pneumothorax

17.17. Pneumonia

17.17.1. Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP)

17.17.2. Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia (HAP)

17.17.3. Pneumonia Caused by Specific Etiologic Agents

17.17.3.1. Influenza Pneumonia

17.17.3.2. Pneumonia Caused by Aspergillus spp (Invasive Aspergillosis)

17.17.3.3. Pneumonia Caused by Pneumocystis jiroveci (Pneumocystosis)

17.17.3.4. Pneumonia Caused by Other Pathogens

17.18. Pulmonary Hypertension (PH)

17.19. Respiratory Failure

17.19.1. Acute Respiratory Failure

17.19.1.1. Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)

17.19.2. Chronic Respiratory Failure

17.20. Rhinosinusitis

17.21. Sleep-Related Breathing Disorders

17.21.1. Central Sleep Apnea (CSA)

17.21.2. Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)

17.22. Tuberculosis (TB) and Other Mycobacterial Infections

17.22.1. Nontuberculous Mycobacterium Diseases

17.22.2. Tuberculosis: Active Disease

17.22.3. Tuberculosis: Latent Tuberculosis Infection (LTBI)

18. Rheumatology

18.1. Adult-Onset Still Disease (AOSD)

18.2. Algodystrophy (Complex Regional Pain Syndrome)

18.3. Amyloidosis

18.4. Antiphospholipid Syndrome

18.5. Back Pain Syndromes

18.6. Bone and Joint Dysplasias

18.7. Bursitis: General Considerations

18.8. Crystal-Mediated Diseases

18.8.1. Calcium Pyrophosphate Dihydrate Deposition (CPPD) Disease

18.8.2. Gout

18.9. Erythema Nodosum

18.10. Fibromyalgia

18.11. Infectious (Septic) Arthritis

18.12. Mixed Connective Tissue Disease (MCTD), Undifferentiated Connective Tissue Disease (UCTD), Overlap Syndromes

18.13. Osteoarthritis

18.14. Osteomalacia

18.15. Osteonecrosis

18.16. Osteoporosis

18.17. Paget Disease of Bone

18.18. Panniculitis

18.19. Polymyalgia Rheumatica (PMR)

18.20. Polymyositis and Dermatomyositis

18.21. Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)

18.22. Sjögren Syndrome

18.23. Spondyloarthritides (SpAs)

18.23.1. Ankylosing Spondylitis

18.23.2. Enteropathic Arthritis

18.23.3. Psoriatic Arthritis

18.23.4. Reactive Arthritis

18.24. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)

18.25. Systemic Sclerosis (SSc)

18.26. Vasculitis Syndromes

18.26.1. Anti–Glomerular Basement Membrane Disease (Formerly Goodpasture Syndrome)

18.26.2. Behçet Disease

18.26.3. Cryoglobulinemic Vasculitis

18.26.4. Cutaneous Leukocytoclastic Angiitis

18.26.5. Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (Churg-Strauss Syndrome)

18.26.6. Giant Cell Arteritis (GCA)

18.26.7. Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis

18.26.8. IgA Vasculitis (Henoch-Schönlein Purpura)

18.26.9. Microscopic Polyangiitis

18.26.10. Polyarteritis Nodosa

18.26.11. Takayasu Arteritis

19. Toxicology and Addiction

19.1. Approach to the Poisoned Patient

19.2. Acetaminophen (Paracetamol)

19.3. Alcohols

19.3.1. Ethyl Alcohol (Ethanol)

19.3.1.1. Acute Alcohol Withdrawal

19.3.2. Ethylene Glycol

19.3.3. Isopropyl Alcohol

19.3.4. Methyl Alcohol (Methanol)

19.4. Anticholinergic Syndrome (Anticholinergic Toxicity)

19.5. Benzodiazepines

19.6. Carbon Monoxide

19.7. Cholinergic Syndrome (Cholinergic Toxicity)

19.8. Digoxin and Other Cardiac Glycosides

19.9. Lithium Toxicity

19.10. Opioids

19.10.1. Acute Opioid Toxicity

19.10.2. Acute Opioid Withdrawal in the Emergency Department

19.10.3. Opioids and Opioid Use Disorder: General Considerations

20. Noninvasive Diagnostic Tests

20.1. Diagnostic Imaging

20.1.1. COVID-19: Computed Tomography (CT)

20.1.2. COVID-19: Point-of-Care Ultrasonography (POCUS)

20.2. Electrocardiography

20.2.1. Standard Electrocardiography

20.2.2. Holter Electrocardiography

20.2.3. Exercise Stress Testing

20.3. Pulse Oximetry

20.4. Laboratory Tests

20.4.1. Laboratory Tests: General Remarks

20.4.2. Biochemical, Hematologic, and Coagulation Tests

20.4.3. Cerebrospinal Fluid Analysis

20.4.4. Pericardial Fluid Analysis

20.4.5. Peritoneal Fluid Analysis

20.4.6. Pleural Fluid Analysis

20.4.7. Synovial Fluid Analysis

20.4.8. Urinalysis

21. Procedures

21.1. Abdominal Paracentesis

21.2. Arthrocentesis: Knee, Wrist, Ankle

21.3. Defibrillation

21.4. Electrical Cardioversion

21.5. Fiberoptic Endoscopic Examination of Swallowing (FEES)

21.6. Gastric Lavage

21.7. Infiltration Anesthesia

21.8. Injections of Drugs and Other Substances

21.8.1. Intramuscular Injections

21.8.2. Intravenous Injections

21.8.3. Subcutaneous Injections

21.9. Lumbar Puncture

21.10. Mechanical Circulatory Support (MCS)

21.10.1. Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO)

21.10.2. Intra-Aortic Balloon Pump (IABP)

21.10.3. Total Artificial Heart (TAH)

21.10.4. Ventricular Assist Devices (VADs)

21.11. Nasogastric or Orogastric Tube Insertion

21.12. Pericardiocentesis

21.13. Pleural Drainage

21.14. Procedural Sedation and Analgesia

21.15. Respiratory Support

21.15.1. Invasive Mechanical Ventilation

21.15.2. Nasal High-Flow Therapy (NHFT)

21.15.3. Noninvasive Mechanical Ventilation and Continuous Positive Airway Pressure

21.15.4. Oxygen Therapy

21.16. Surgical Field Preparation for Small Procedures

21.17. Thoracentesis

21.18. Urethral Catheterization

21.19. Vascular Access and Catheterization

21.19.1. Blood Sample Collection for Blood Gas Analysis

21.19.1.1. Arterial Blood Gas Sampling

21.19.1.2. Arterialized Capillary Blood Sampling

21.19.2. Peripheral Venous Blood Sampling

21.19.3. Peripheral Venous Catheter Placement

21.20. Videofluoroscopic Swallowing Study (VFSS)

22. Trauma and Injuries

23. Epistaxis

24. Acute and Critical Medical Care